I wouldn’t be surprised if certificates is one of the methods that Microsoft uses to prevent people who didn’t pay for ESU. I found a wsusscn2.cab from July 2019, and I was able to use it successfully to search for updates on a Windows 7 target. However, when I use the current wsusscn2.cab from Sept 2020, I get the same certificate error that you got.
0x800B0109 -2146762487 CERT_E_UNTRUSTEDROOT
A certificate chain processed, but terminated in a root certificate which is not trusted by the trust provider
I think there is a pretty good chance that if/when you pay for ESU, the first thing they do is give you an update that updates your certificate store so that you’re able to continue updating the OS. This is just an educated guess. I can’t say for sure.